The Use of Models to Explain and Make Inferences About Mental Processes:
- One way to study mental processes is through the use of an information processing approach.
- This suggests that information flows through the cognitive system in stages.
- These stages include: Input, Storage/Processing, and Retrieval.
- This was suggested by Atkinson and Schifrin's Multi-Store model.
- Theoretical models are simplified representations based on research.
- They are often presented in a pictorial form - diagrams use arrows and boxes to indicate cause and effect or stages of a mental process.
- The features of models are based on inference since mental processes cannot be directly observed.
- Inference: The act of drawing a conclusion based on evidence and reasoning.
- Psychologists can work out what mental processes are likely to have occurred by carefully manipulating input (eg: environmental stimuli) and measuring output (eg: behaviour/response).
- This forms the basis of models in cognitive psychology.
Multi-Store Model:
- Above: Atkinson and Schifrin's Multi-Store Memory Model.
- Models have a series of steps, which allows each part to be tested and examined seperately.
- Models can therefore be updated and refined as research progresses.
- For example, Baddeley & Hitch's working memory model was updated in 2000 following the inclusion of the episodic buffer to their original model (1974)
Computer Models:
- The Cognitive Approach uses computer models which compares the mind to a computer.
- This suggests that a computer and the mind both process information in a similar way.
- These models work on the principle: Input/Coding → Storage/Processing → Output/Response
- Computer programmes have been developed that simulate human cognitive processes.
- Computational models have proven useful in the development of "Thinking Machines" or "Artificial Intelligence".
Computer |
Similarities |
Mind |
Metallic/Plastic |
Processes information |
Organic |
Limited Memory |
Input (data/senses) |
Unlimited Memory |
Incapable of Feeling Emotions |
Output (printout/behaviour) |
Capable of Feeling Emotions |
~ |
Memory |
~ |